ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of healthcare-associated respiratory syncytial virus (HA-RSV) infections in children are well described, but less is known about sporadic HA-RSV infections. We assessed the epidemiology and clinical outcomes associated with sporadic HA-RSV infections. METHODS: We retrospectively identified hospitalized children <18 years old with HA-RSV infections in six children's hospitals in the United States during the respiratory viral seasons October-April in 2016-2017, 2017-2018, and 2018-2019 and prospectively from October 2020 through November 2021. We evaluated outcomes temporally associated with HA-RSV infections including escalation of respiratory support, transfer to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and in-hospital mortality. We assessed demographic characteristics and comorbid conditions associated with escalation of respiratory support. RESULTS: We identified 122 children (median age 16.0 months [IQR 6, 60 months]) with HA-RSV. The median onset of HA-RSV infections was hospital day 14 (IQR 7, 34 days). Overall, 78 (63.9%) children had two or more comorbid conditions; cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurologic/neuromuscular, respiratory, and premature/ neonatal comorbidities were most common. Fifty-five (45.1%) children required escalation of respiratory support and 18 (14.8%) were transferred to the PICU. Five (4.1%) died during hospitalization. In the multivariable analysis, respiratory comorbidities (aOR: 3.36 [CI95 1.41, 8.01]) were associated with increased odds of escalation of respiratory support. CONCLUSIONS: HA-RSV infections cause preventable morbidity and increase healthcare resource utilization. Further study of effective mitigation strategies for HA-respiratory viral infections should be prioritized; this priority is further supported by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on seasonal viral infections.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical impact of healthcare-associated (HA) respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in hospitalized adults. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study within a prospective, population-based, surveillance study of RSV-infected hospitalized adults during 3 respiratory seasons: October 2017-April 2018, October 2018-April 2019, and October 2019-March 2020. SETTING: The study was conducted in 2 academically affiliated medical centers. PATIENTS: Each HA-RSV patient (in whom RSV was detected by PCR test ≥4 days after hospital admission) was matched (age, sex, season) with 2 community-onset (CO) RSV patients (in whom RSV was detected ≤3 days of admission). METHODS: Risk factors and outcomes were compared among HA-RSV versus CO-RSV patients using conditional logistic regression. Escalation of respiratory support associated with RSV detection (day 0) from day -2 to day +4 was explored among HA-RSV patients. RESULTS: In total, 84 HA-RSV patients were matched to 160 CO-RSV patients. In HA-RSV patients, chronic kidney disease was more common, while chronic respiratory conditions and obesity were less common. HA-RSV patients were not more likely to be admitted to an ICU or require mechanical ventilation, but they more often required a higher level of care at discharge compared with CO-RSV patients (44% vs 14%, respectively). Also, 29% of evaluable HA-RSV patients required respiratory support escalation; these patients were older and more likely to have respiratory comorbidities, to have been admitted to intensive care, and to die during hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: HA-RSV in adults may be associated with escalation in respiratory support and an increased level of support in living situation at discharge. Infection prevention and control strategies and RSV vaccination of high-risk adults could mitigate the risk of HA-RSV.
ABSTRACT
Background: Little is known about the impact of healthcare-associated respiratory syncytial virus (HA-RSV) in hospitalized children. To address this gap, we assessed the epidemiology and clinical impact associated with HA-RSV in a multiseason, multicenter study. Methods: During respiratory viral seasons 2016–2017, 2017–2018, and 2018–2019, we retrospectively identified HA-RSV cases in hospitalized children 72 hours after admission or within 48 hours of discharge in readmitted patients. Due to reduced availability of testing for non–SARS-CoV-2 viruses during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2019–2020 season was excluded. We initiated prospective HA-RSV surveillance during the 2020–2021 season and continued surveillance through November 2021 due to the unusual interseasonal RSV community outbreak. We determined demographic and clinical characteristics of HA-RSV cases and explored possible outcomes associated with RSV including transfer to the pediatric ICU and escalation of respiratory support from day −2 to day +4 (day 0 was the day of RSV detection). We explored the timeframe of day −2 to day +4 because events during this timeframe could be attributed to RSV infection. Respiratory support escalation was defined as change from room air to supplemental oxygen, increase in fraction of inspired oxzygen (FiO2) on same respiratory support modality, or change from noninvasive to invasive support. Results: Were identified 86 HA-RSV cases: 20 (23.3%) from 2016–2017, 26 (30.2%) from 2017–2018, 34 (39.5%) from 2018–2019, and 6 (7%) from October 2020–November 2021. HA-RSV was diagnosed a median of 14 days (IQR, 8–45) after admission. Moreover, 29 (33.7%), 31 (36.0%), and 26 (30.2%) cases were aged 60 months during these, respective seasons. Also, 33 (38.4%) had >3 comorbid conditions, most commonly gastrointestinal (n = 33, 38.4%), respiratory (n = 28, 32.6%), and/or congenital–genetic disorders (n = 28, 32.6%). However, 9 (10.5%) had no comorbid conditions. From day −2 to day +4, 15 children (17.4%) were transferred to the PICU and 38 (49.3%) of 77 evaluable cases required respiratory support escalation, most commonly supplemental oxygen delivered by nasal cannula (n = 15, 19.5%). Furthermore, 11 patients (14.3%) required invasive support. Conclusions: HA-RSV was associated with use of healthcare resources, including the need for respiratory support escalation and/or transfer to intensive care. From October 2020 to November 2021, lower numbers of HA-RSV were observed. The reasons for this are unknown, but potentially occurred in parallel to markedly reduced RSV in the community and may have resulted from visitor restrictions, which included no siblings and/or universal masking by hospital staff and visitors.Funding: Funding for this research was provided by Merck Sharp & Dohme, a subsidiary of Merck & Co.Disclosures: None
ABSTRACT
All fifty US states and Washington, D.C., require children from birth through age five to be vaccinated against certain communicable diseases as a condition of attending child care settings such as day care, Head Start, preschools, pre-kindergarten, and other early childhood programs. However, the nuances and implementation of these laws vary greatly across jurisdictions. To date, a comprehensive analysis of all child care vaccination laws in the US has not been performed. We have developed the first compilation of child care vaccination laws across the US. This compilation is the culmination of an exhaustive examination of multiple components of the laws, such as which vaccines are required, provisions that enable unvaccinated children to temporarily attend child care until they are fully vaccinated, attendance provisions for unvaccinated students during an outbreak, methods of enforcement of vaccination policy, and child care personnel vaccination requirements. This comprehensive analysis provides a critical and foundational framework to inform policy makers and public health professionals involved in policy planning and implementation and policy research. It provides a benchmark for further evaluation of existing and future vaccination laws and their impact on vaccine coverage rates.